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  • Periodical Listing
  • Pharmacogn Rev
  • 5.iv(8); Jul-December 2010
  • PMC3249911

Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jul-Dec; 4(8): 118–126.

Complimentary radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Touch on homo health

Five. Lobo

Department of Botany, Birla College, Kalyan – 421 304, Maharastra, India.

A. Patil

Department of Botany, Birla Higher, Kalyan – 421 304, Maharastra, India.

A. Phatak

Department of Botany, Birla College, Kalyan – 421 304, Maharastra, Bharat.

North. Chandra

Department of Phytology, Birla College, Kalyan – 421 304, Maharastra, India.

Received 2010 Mar 4; Revised 2010 Mar eight

Abstract

In contempo years, at that place has been a great deal of attention toward the field of complimentary radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our torso by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance betwixt complimentary radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's power to regulate them, a condition known equally oxidative stress ensues. Complimentary radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can aid in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such every bit butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole take recently been reported to be dangerous for man health. Thus, the search for constructive, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative action has been intensified in recent years. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the direction of homo diseases.

Keywords: Ageing, antioxidant, free radicals, oxidative stress

INTRODUCTION

The recent growth in the knowledge of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biology is producing a medical revolution that promises a new historic period of health and illness management.[1] It is ironic that oxygen, an element indispensable for life,[2] under certain situations has deleterious effects on the human torso.[3] Most of the potentially harmful effects of oxygen are due to the formation and activity of a number of chemic compounds, known equally ROS, which have a trend to donate oxygen to other substances. Gratuitous radicals and antioxidants accept become commonly used terms in modern discussions of affliction mechanisms.[4]

FREE RADICALS

A gratis radical can be divers equally whatsoever molecular species capable of independent existence that contains an unpaired electron in an diminutive orbital. The presence of an unpaired electron results in certain common properties that are shared by nigh radicals. Many radicals are unstable and highly reactive. They can either donate an electron to or accept an electron from other molecules, therefore behaving as oxidants or reductants.[v] The nigh important oxygen-containing costless radicals in many disease states are hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen singlet, hypochlorite, nitric oxide radical, and peroxynitrite radical. These are highly reactive species, capable in the nucleus, and in the membranes of cells of damaging biologically relevant molecules such every bit DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.[six] Gratis radicals set on important macromolecules leading to cell harm and homeostatic disruption. Targets of free radicals include all kinds of molecules in the body. Amongst them, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins are the major targets.

Product of free radicals in the human body

Free radicals and other ROS are derived either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals.[3] Gratis radical germination occurs continuously in the cells equally a consequence of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions. Enzymatic reactions, which serve equally source of free radicals, include those involved in the respiratory chain, in phagocytosis, in prostaglandin synthesis, and in the cytochrome P-450 organization.[7] Free radicals can also be formed in nonenzymatic reactions of oxygen with organic compounds as well as those initiated past ionizing reactions.

Some internally generated sources of gratis radicals are[eight]

  • Mitochondria

  • Xanthine oxidase

  • Peroxisomes

  • Inflammation

  • Phagocytosis

  • Arachidonate pathways

  • Exercise

  • Ischemia/reperfusion injury

  • Some externally generated sources of free radicals are:

  • Cigarette fume

  • Environmental pollutants

  • Radiation

  • Certain drugs, pesticides

  • Industrial solvents

  • Ozone

Free radicals in biology

Free radical reactions are expected to produce progressive adverse changes that accrue with historic period throughout the body [Tabular array 1]. Such "normal" changes with age are relatively common to all. All the same, superimposed on this common pattern are patterns influenced past genetics and environmental differences that modulate free radical damage. These are manifested as diseases at certain ages determined by genetic and environmental factors. Cancer and atherosclerosis, 2 major causes of expiry, are salient "free radical" diseases. Cancer initiation and promotion is associated with chromosomal defects and oncogene activation. Information technology is possible that endogenous costless radical reactions, like those initiated past ionizing radiation, may upshot in tumor formation. The highly significant correlation between consumption of fats and oils and death rates from leukemia and malignant neoplasia of the chest, ovaries, and rectum amidst persons over 55 years may be a reflection of greater lipid peroxidation.[ix] Studies on atherosclerosis reveal the probability that the disease may exist due to free radical reactions involving diet-derived lipids in the arterial wall and serum to yield peroxides and other substances. These compounds induce endothelial cell injury and produce changes in the arterial walls.[10]

Table ane

Free radicals[eleven–13]

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CONCEPT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS

The term is used to describe the condition of oxidative damage resulting when the critical balance between free radical generation and antioxidant defenses is unfavorable.[xiv] Oxidative stress, arising equally a result of an imbalance betwixt free radical production and antioxidant defenses, is associated with harm to a wide range of molecular species including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.[fifteen] Short-term oxidative stress may occur in tissues injured by trauma, infection, heat injury, hypertoxia, toxins, and excessive exercise. These injured tissues produce increased radical generating enzymes (e.g., xanthine oxidase, lipogenase, cyclooxygenase) activation of phagocytes, release of gratis atomic number 26, copper ions, or a disruption of the electron transport chains of oxidative phosphorylation, producing excess ROS. The initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer, too every bit the side-effects of radiation and chemotherapy, have been linked to the imbalance between ROS and the antioxidant defense organization. ROS have been implicated in the consecration and complications of diabetes mellitus, age-related middle disease, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.[16]

Oxidative stress and human diseases

A office of oxidative stress has been postulated in many weather condition, including anthersclerosis, inflammatory condition, certain cancers, and the process of crumbling. Oxidative stress is now thought to brand a significant contribution to all inflammatory diseases (arthritis, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus erythematous, adult respiratory diseases syndrome), ischemic diseases (heart diseases, stroke, intestinal ischema), hemochromatosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, emphysema, organ transplantation, gastric ulcers, hypertension and preeclampsia, neurological disorder (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, muscular dystrophy), alcoholism, smoking-related diseases, and many others.[17] An excess of oxidative stress can lead to the oxidation of lipids and proteins, which is associated with changes in their structure and functions.

Cardiovascular diseases

Heart diseases continue to be the biggest killer, responsible for nigh half of all the deaths. The oxidative events may bear upon cardiovascular diseases therefore; information technology has potential to provide enormous benefits to the health and lifespan. Poly unsaturated fatty acids occur as a major role of the low density lipoproteins (LDL) in blood and oxidation of these lipid components in LDL play a vital role in atherosclerosis.[18] The three most of import cell types in the vessel wall are endothelial cells; shine muscle cell and macrophage can release free radical, which impact lipid peroxidation.[19] With continued high level of oxidized lipids, claret vessel damage to the reaction procedure continues and tin atomic number 82 to generation of foam cells and plaque the symptoms of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL is antherogenic and is thought to be of import in the formation of anthersclerosis plaques. Furthermore, oxidized LDL is cytotoxic and tin directly impairment endothelial cells. Antioxidants like B-carotene or vitamin E play a vital role in the prevention of various cardiovascular diseases.

Carcinogenesis

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as super oxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide and their biological metabolites as well play an important role in carcinogenesis. ROS induce Deoxyribonucleic acid damage, as the reaction of free radicals with DNA includes strand break base modification and DNA protein cantankerous-links. Numerous investigators have proposed participation of costless radicals in carcinogenesis, mutation, and transformation; information technology is articulate that their presence in biosystem could lead to mutation, transformation, and ultimately cancer. Induction of mutagenesis, the best known of the biological effect of radiation, occurs mainly through damage of DNA past the HO. Radical and other species are produced by the radiolysis, and also by direct radiation effect on Deoxyribonucleic acid, the reaction effects on DNA. The reaction of HO. Radicals is mainly addition to double bond of pyrimidine bases and abstraction of hydrogen from the sugar moiety resulting in chain reaction of DNA. These effects cause cell mutagenesis and carcinogenesis lipid peroxides are also responsible for the activation of carcinogens.

Antioxidants can decrease oxidative stress induced carcinogenesis past a straight scavenging of ROS and/or by inhibiting cell proliferation secondary to the protein phosphorylation. B-carotene may be protective against cancer through its antioxidant part, considering oxidative products can cause genetic damage. Thus, the photograph protective backdrop of B-carotene may protect against ultraviolet calorie-free induced carcinogenesis. Immunoenhancement of B-carotene may contribute to cancer protection. B-carotene may likewise accept anticarcinogenic effect past altering the liver metabolism effects of carcinogens.[20] Vitamin C may be helpful in preventing cancer.[21] The possible mechanisms by which vitamin C may touch on carcinogenesis include antioxidant effects, blocking of formation of nitrosanimes, enhancement of the allowed response, and acceleration of detoxification of liver enzymes. Vitamin E, an important antioxidant, plays a role in immunocompetence by increasing humoral antibody protection, resistance to bacterial infections, cell-mediated immunity, the T-lymphocytes tumor necrosis factor production, inhibition of mutagen formation, repair of membranes in Deoxyribonucleic acid, and blocking micro cell line formation.[22] Hence vitamin E may be useful in cancer prevention and inhibit carcinogenesis by the stimulation of the immune system. The administration of a mixture of the above 3 antioxidant reveled the highest reduction in run a risk of developing cardiac cancer.

Free radical and aging

The human body is in constant battle to keep from aging. Research suggests that free radical damage to cells leads to the pathological changes associated with aging.[23] An increasing number of diseases or disorders, as well as aging process itself, demonstrate link either direct or indirectly to these reactive and potentially destructive molecules.[24] The major mechanism of crumbling attributes to Deoxyribonucleic acid or the aggregating of cellular and functional damage.[25] Reduction of gratis radicals or decreasing their rate of production may delay aging. Some of the nutritional antioxidants will retard the aging process and prevent affliction. Based on these studies, it appears that increased oxidative stress commonly occurs during the aging process, and antioxidant status may significantly influence the effects of oxidative damage associated with advancing age. Research suggests that gratis radicals have a meaning influence on aging, that costless radical harm tin exist controlled with adequate antioxidant defense force, and that optimal intake of antioxidant nutrient may contribute to enhanced quality of life. Recent research indicates that antioxidant may fifty-fifty positively influence life span.

Oxidative damage to protein and Dna

Oxidative impairment to poly peptide

Proteins can be oxidatively modified in three means: oxidative modification of specific amino acid, complimentary radical mediated peptide cleavage, and formation of poly peptide cross-linkage due to reaction with lipid peroxidation products. Protein containing amino acids such as methionine, cystein, arginine, and histidine seem to exist the virtually vulnerable to oxidation.[26] Costless radical mediated protein modification increases susceptibility to enzyme proteolysis. Oxidative damage to protein products may affect the activity of enzymes, receptors, and membrane transport. Oxidatively damaged protein products may contain very reactive groups that may contribute to impairment to membrane and many cellular functions. Peroxyl radical is usually considered to be free radical species for the oxidation of proteins. ROS can damage proteins and produce carbonyls and other amino acids modification including formation of methionine sulfoxide and protein carbonyls and other amino acids modification including formation of methionine sulfoxide and protein peroxide. Protein oxidation affects the alteration of signal transduction mechanism, enzyme activity, heat stability, and proteolysis susceptibility, which leads to aging.

Lipid peroxidation

Oxidative stress and oxidative modification of biomolecules are involved in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes such every bit aging, artheroscleosis, inflammation and carcinogenesis, and drug toxicity. Lipid peroxidation is a costless radical procedure involving a source of secondary free radical, which farther tin can act as second messenger or can directly react with other biomolecule, enhancing biochemical lesions. Lipid peroxidation occurs on polysaturated fatty acid located on the cell membranes and information technology further proceeds with radical concatenation reaction. Hydroxyl radical is thought to initiate ROS and remove hydrogen atom, thus producing lipid radical and further converted into diene conjugate. Further, by improver of oxygen it forms peroxyl radical; this highly reactive radical attacks another fat acid forming lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and a new radical. Thus lipid peroxidation is propagated. Due to lipid peroxidation, a number of compounds are formed, for example, alkanes, malanoaldehyde, and isoprotanes. These compounds are used as markers in lipid peroxidation assay and have been verified in many diseases such every bit neurogenerative diseases, ischemic reperfusion injury, and diabetes.[27]

Oxidative damage to DNA

Many experiments clearly provide evidences that Deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA are susceptible to oxidative impairment. It has been reported that especially in aging and cancer, DNA is considered as a major target.[28] Oxidative nucleotide as glycol, dTG, and 8-hydroxy-two-deoxyguanosine is found to be increased during oxidative damage to Deoxyribonucleic acid under UV radiation or gratuitous radical damage. It has been reported that mitochondrial DNA are more susceptible to oxidative damage that accept role in many diseases including cancer. Information technology has been suggested that 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine can be used as biological mark for oxidative stress.[29]

ANTIOXIDANTS

An antioxidant is a molecule stable enough to donate an electron to a rampaging costless radical and neutralize it, thus reducing its capacity to damage. These antioxidants delay or inhibit cellular harm mainly through their free radical scavenging property.[30] These low-molecular-weight antioxidants can safely collaborate with gratuitous radicals and stop the concatenation reaction earlier vital molecules are damaged. Some of such antioxidants, including glutathione, ubiquinol, and uric acrid, are produced during normal metabolism in the body.[31] Other lighter antioxidants are establish in the diet. Although there are several enzymes organization inside the body that scavenge free radicals, the principle micronutrient (vitamins) antioxidants are vitamin E (α-tocopherol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and B-carotene.[32] The body cannot manufacture these micronutrients, so they must be supplied in the nutrition.

History

The term antioxidant originally was used to refer specifically to a chemical that prevented the consumption of oxygen. In the belatedly 19th and early 20th century, all-encompassing study was devoted to the uses of antioxidants in important industrial processes, such as the prevention of metal corrosion, the vulcanization of rubber, and the polymerization of fuels in the fouling of internal combustion engines.[33]

Early research on the role of antioxidants in biological science focused on their use in preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fats, which is the crusade of rancidity.[34] Antioxidant activeness could exist measured simply past placing the fat in a airtight container with oxygen and measuring the rate of oxygen consumption. Nevertheless, it was the identification of vitamins A, C, and East as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led to the realization of the importance of antioxidants in the biochemistry of living organisms.[35,36] The possible mechanisms of activeness of antioxidants were beginning explored when information technology was recognized that a substance with antioxidative activity is likely to be ane that is itself readily oxidized.[37] Research into how vitamin Eastward prevents the procedure of lipid peroxidation led to the identification of antioxidants as reducing agents that prevent oxidative reactions, frequently past scavenging ROS earlier they tin harm cells.[38]

Antioxidant defense system

Antioxidants act as radical scavenger, hydrogen donor, electron donor, peroxide decomposer, singlet oxygen quencher, enzyme inhibitor, synergist, and metal-chelating agents. Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants be in the intracellular and extracellular environment to detoxify ROS.[39]

Mechanism of action of antioxidants

2 principle mechanisms of action have been proposed for antioxidants.[twoscore] The commencement is a chain- breaking mechanism past which the primary antioxidant donates an electron to the gratuitous radical present in the systems. The second machinery involves removal of ROS/reactive nitrogen species initiators (secondary antioxidants) by quenching chain-initiating catalyst. Antioxidants may exert their issue on biological systems past different mechanisms including electron donation, metallic ion chelation, co-antioxidants, or by gene expression regulation.[41]

Levels of antioxidant action

The antioxidants acting in the defense systems act at different levels such as preventive, radical scavenging, repair and de novo, and the fourth line of defence force, i.due east., the adaptation.

The start line of defense is the preventive antioxidants, which suppress the formation of gratis radicals. Although the precise mechanism and site of radical formation in vivo are not well elucidated yet, the metal-induced decompositions of hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide must be i of the important sources. To suppress such reactions, some antioxidants reduce hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide beforehand to alcohols and water, respectively, without generation of free radicals and some proteins sequester metal ions.

Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-south-transferase, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX), and peroxidase are known to decompose lipid hydroperoxides to respective alcohols. PHGPX is unique in that it can reduce hydroperoxides of phospholipids integrated into biomembranes. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase reduce hydrogen peroxide to water.

The second line of defence force is the antioxidants that scavenge the active radicals to suppress chain initiation and/or pause the chain propagation reactions. Various endogenous radical-scavenging antioxidants are known: some are hydrophilic and others are lipophilic. Vitamin C, uric acid, bilirubin, albumin, and thiols are hydrophilic, radical-scavenging antioxidants, while vitamin E and ubiquinol are lipophilic radical-scavenging antioxidants. Vitamin Eastward is accepted as the most potent radical-scavenging lipophilic antioxidant.

The third line of defence force is the repair and de novo antioxidants. The proteolytic enzymes, proteinases, proteases, and peptidases, present in the cytosol and in the mitochondria of mammalian cells, recognize, dethrone, and remove oxidatively modified proteins and prevent the accumulation of oxidized proteins.

The Deoxyribonucleic acid repair systems also play an important role in the total defence force system against oxidative damage. Various kinds of enzymes such as glycosylases and nucleases, which repair the damaged DNA, are known.

There is another important function called adaptation where the signal for the product and reactions of free radicals induces germination and send of the appropriate antioxidant to the right site.[42]

ENZYMATIC

Types of antioxidants

Cells are protected against oxidative stress by an interacting network of antioxidant enzymes.[43] Here, the superoxide released by processes such equally oxidative phosphorylation is start converted to hydrogen peroxide and then further reduced to requite water. This detoxification pathway is the result of multiple enzymes, with superoxide dismutases catalyzing the first step and and so catalases and various peroxidases removing hydrogen peroxide.[44]

Superoxide dismutase

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a course of closely related enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.[45,46] SOD enzymes are nowadays in well-nigh all aerobic cells and in extracellular fluids.[47] At that place are three major families of superoxide dismutase, depending on the metallic cofactor: Cu/Zn (which binds both copper and zinc), Iron and Mn types (which bind either iron or manganese), and finally the Ni blazon which binds nickel.[48] In college plants, SOD isozymes have been localized in different cell compartments. Mn-SOD is nowadays in mitochondria and peroxisomes. Fe-SOD has been found mainly in chloroplasts simply has also been detected in peroxisomes, and CuZn-SOD has been localized in cytosol, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and apoplast.[48–50]

In humans (as in all other mammals and most chordates), iii forms of superoxide dismutase are present. SOD1 is located in the cytoplasm, SOD2 in the mitochondria, and SOD3 is extracellular. The first is a dimer (consists of 2 units), while the others are tetramers (four subunits). SOD1 and SOD3 contain copper and zinc, while SOD2 has manganese in its reactive heart.[51]

Catalase

Catalase is a mutual enzyme found in about all living organisms, which are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.[52] Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful by-product of many normal metabolic processes: to prevent damage, it must be chop-chop converted into other, less dangerous substances. To this cease, catalase is frequently used by cells to quickly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into less reactive gaseous oxygen and water molecules.[53] All known animals use catalase in every organ, with peculiarly high concentrations occurring in the liver.[54]

Glutathione systems

The glutathione organisation includes glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases, and glutathione S-transferases. This system is found in animals, plants, and microorganisms.[55] Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme containing four selenium-cofactors that catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides. There are at to the lowest degree four dissimilar glutathione peroxidase isozymes in animals.[56] Glutathione peroxidase 1 is the most abundant and is a very efficient scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, while glutathione peroxidase 4 is about active with lipid hydroperoxides. The glutathione S-transferases show loftier activity with lipid peroxides. These enzymes are at particularly high levels in the liver and besides serve in detoxification metabolism.[57]

NONENZYMATIC

Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid or "vitamin C" is a monosaccharide antioxidantfound in both animals and plants. As information technology cannot be synthesized in humans and must exist obtained from the diet, it is a vitamin.[58] Well-nigh other animals are able to produce this compound in their bodies and do not require it in their diets. In cells, it is maintained in its reduced form by reaction with glutathione, which can be catalyzed by protein disulfide isomerase and glutaredoxins.[59] Ascorbic acid is a reducing amanuensis and tin can reduce and thereby neutralize ROS such equally hydrogen peroxide.[60] In add-on to its direct antioxidant effects, ascorbic acrid is also a substrate for the antioxidant enzyme ascorbate peroxidase, a role that is particularly of import in stress resistance in plants.[61]

Glutathione

Glutathione is a cysteine-containing peptide establish in mostforms of aerobic life.[62] Information technology is non required in the diet and is instead synthesized in cells from its constituent amino acids. Glutathione has antioxidant properties since the thiol group in its cysteine moiety is a reducing agent and can be reversibly oxidized and reduced. In cells, glutathione is maintained in the reduced grade by the enzyme glutathione reductase and in plough reduces other metabolites and enzyme systems besides equally reacting directly with oxidants.[63] Due to its loftier concentration and central office in maintaining the prison cell'south redox state, glutathione is one of the most important cellular antioxidants.[33] In some organisms, glutathione is replaced by other thiols, such as past mycothiol in the actinomycetes, or by trypanothione in the kinetoplastids.[64]

Melatonin

Melatonin, likewise known chemically as Northward-acetyl-five-methoxytryptamine,[65] is a naturally occurring hormone establish in animals and in some other living organisms, including algae.[66] Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant that tin can easily cross cell membranes and the blood–brain bulwark.[67] Unlike other antioxidants, melatonin does non undergo redox cycling, which is the ability of a molecule to undergo repeated reduction and oxidation. Melatonin, once oxidized, cannot be reduced to its former state because it forms several stable terminate-products upon reacting with costless radicals. Therefore, it has been referred to every bit a concluding (or suicidal) antioxidant.[68]

Tocopherols and tocotrienols (Vitamin E)

Vitamin Eastward is the collective proper noun for a set of eight related tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are fat-soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties.[69] Of these, α-tocopherol has been most studied as it has the highest bioavailability, with the trunk preferentially absorbing and metabolizing this form.[70] It has been claimed that the α-tocopherol class is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant, and that it protects membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction.[71] This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the propagation reaction from standing. This reaction produces oxidized α-tocopheroxyl radicals that can be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants, such equally ascorbate, retinol, or ubiquinol.[72]

Uric acid

Uric acid accounts for roughly half the antioxidant ability of plasma. In fact, uric acrid may take substituted for ascorbate in human evolution.[73] However, like ascorbate, uric acid can also mediate the production of active oxygen species.

PLANTS Equally SOURCE OF ANTIOXIDANTS

Synthetic and natural food antioxidants are used routinely in foods and medicine especially those containing oils and fats to protect the food confronting oxidation. In that location are a number of synthetic phenolic antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) being prominent examples. These compounds take been widely uses as antioxidants in food industry, cosmetics, and therapeutic industry. However, some physical properties of BHT and BHA such as their high volatility and instability at elevated temperature, strict legislation on the use of synthetic food additives, carcinogenic nature of some constructed antioxidants, and consumer preferences have shifted the attention of manufacturers from constructed to natural antioxidants.[74] In view of increasing risk factors of human being to diverse mortiferous diseases, there has been a global trend toward the employ of natural substance nowadays in medicinal plants and dietary plats equally therapeutic antioxidants. It has been reported that there is an changed relationship between the dietary intake of antioxidant-rich nutrient and medicinal plants and incidence of homo diseases. The use of natural antioxidants in nutrient, cosmetic, and therapeutic industry would be promising alternative for synthetic antioxidants in respect of low cost, highly compatible with dietary intake and no harmful effects inside the human torso. Many antioxidant compounds, naturally occurring in constitute sources have been identified as complimentary radical or agile oxygen scavengers.[75] Attempts accept been made to report the antioxidant potential of a wide variety of vegetables like spud, spinach, tomatoes, and legumes.[76] In that location are several reports showing antioxidant potential of fruits.[77] Strong antioxidants activities have been found in berries, cherries, citrus, prunes, and olives. Green and black teas have been extensively studied in the recent past for antioxidant properties since they contain up to 30% of the dry weight as phenolic compounds.[78]

Apart from the dietary sources, Indian medicinal plants also provide antioxidants and these include (with common/ayurvedic names in brackets) Acacia catechu (kair), Aegle marmelos (Bengal quince, Bel), Allium cepa (Onion), A. sativum (Garlic, Lahasuna), Aleo vera (Indain aloe, Ghritkumari), Amomum subulatum (Greater cardamom, Bari elachi), Andrographis paniculata (Kiryat), Asparagus recemosus (Shatavari), Azadirachta indica (Neem, Nimba), Bacopa monniera (Brahmi), Butea monosperma (Palas, Dhak), Camellia sinensis (Dark-green tea), Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamon), Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpat), Curcma longa (Turmeric, Haridra), Emblica officinalis (Inhian gooseberry, Amlaki), Glycyrrhiza glapra (Yashtimudhu), Hemidesmus indicus (Indian Sarasparilla, Anantamul), Indigofera tinctoria, Mangifera indica (Mango, Amra), Momordica charantia (Biting gourd), Murraya koenigii (Curry leaf), Nigella sativa (Black cumin), Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil, Tusil), Onosma echioides (Ratanjyot), Picrorrhiza kurroa (Katuka), Piper beetle, Plumbago zeylancia (Chitrak), Sesamum indicum, Sida cordifolia,Spirulina fusiformis (Alga), Swertia decursata, Syzigium cumini (Jamun), Terminalia ariuna (Arjun), Terminalia bellarica (Beheda), Tinospora cordifolia (Middle leaved moonseed, Guduchi), Trigonella foenum-graecium (Fenugreek), Withania somifera (Winter ruby-red, Ashwangandha), and Zingiber officinalis (Ginger).[79]

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF INDIAN FUNCTIONAL FOODS

Concepts of functional foods and nutraceuticals

In the terminal decade, preventive medicine has undergone a great advance, especially in developed countries. Research has demonstrated that nutrition plays a crucial function in the prevention of chronic diseases, as nearly of them tin exist related to diet. Functional food enters the concept of because food not just necessary for living but also as a source of mental and physical well-being, contributing to the prevention and reduction of adventure factors for several diseases or enhancing certain physiological functions.[80] A food can be regarded equally functional if it is satisfactorily demonstrated to affect beneficially one or more target functions in the trunk, across acceptable nutritional effects, in a way which is relevant to either the land of well being and health or reduction of the take a chance of a illness. The beneficial effects could exist either maintenance or promotion of a state of well being or health and/or a reduction of risk of a pathologic process or a disease.[81] Whole foods represent the simplest example of functional food. Broccoli, carrots, and tomatoes are considered functional foods considering of their high contents of physiologically active components (sulforaphen, B-carotene, and lycopene, respectively). Green vegetables and spices like mustard and turmeric, used extensively in Indian cuisine, also can fall under this category.[82] "Nutraceutical" is a term coined in 1979 by Stephen DeFelice.[83] Information technology is defined "as a nutrient or parts of food that provide medical or health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease." Nutraceuticals may range from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements, and diets to genetically engineered "designer" food, herbal products, and processed products such every bit cereals, soups, and beverages. A nutraceutical is any nontoxic food extract supplement that has scientifically proven health benefits for both the treatment and prevention of disease.[84] The increasing interest in nutraceuticals reflects the fact that consumers hear almost epidemiological studies indicating that a specific nutrition or component of the diet is associated with a lower risk for a certain illness. The major agile nutraceutical ingredients in plants are flavonoids. Every bit is typical for phenolic compounds, they tin can act equally potent antioxidants and metallic chelators. They also have long been recognized to possess anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic activities.[85]

Indian dietary and medicinal plants equally functional foods

Ingredients that make nutrient functional are dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, oligosaccharides, essential fat acids (omega-three), lactic acid bacteria cultures, and lignins. Many of these are present in medicinal plants. Indian systems of medicine believe that circuitous diseases can be treated with complex combination of botanicals different in w, with unmarried drugs. Whole foods are hence used in Republic of india as functional foods rather than supplements. Some medicinal plants and dietary constituents having functional attributes are spices such as onion, garlic, mustard, carmine chilies, turmeric, clove, cinnamon, saffron, curry leaf, fenugreek, and ginger. Some herbs equally Bixa orellana and vegetables like amla, wheat grass, soyabean, and Gracinia cambogia have antitumor furnishings. Other medicinal plants with functional properties include A.marmelos, A. cepa, Aloe vera, A. paniculata, Azadirachta republic of india, and Brassica juncea.[86]

Conclusion

Free radicals damage contributes to the etiology of many chronic wellness problems such as cardiovascular and inflammatory disease, cataract, and cancer. Antioxidants foreclose free radical induced tissue damage by preventing the formation of radicals, scavenging them, or by promoting their decomposition. Synthetic antioxidants are recently reported to exist unsafe to human health. Thus the search for effective, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. In addition to endogenous antioxidant defense systems, consumption of dietary and plant-derived antioxidants appears to be a suitable alternative. Dietary and other components of plants form a major source of antioxidants. The traditional Indian diet, spices, and medicinal plants are rich sources of natural antioxidants; higher intake of foods with functional attributes including high level of antioxidants in antioxidants in functional foods is one strategy that is gaining importance.

Newer approaches utilizing collaborative research and modern technology in combination with established traditional health principles will yield dividends in virtually futurity in improving health, especially amidst people who practise not accept admission to the use of costlier western systems of medicine.

Footnotes

Source of Support: Cipher

Conflict of Interest: None declared

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